This omission is particularly concerning in light of indications that mental illness accounts for a substantial proportion of suffering in all regions of the world ( 12). However, relatively little attention has been given in the field of ecosystem services to the ways in which nature experience directly affects human mental health (see Box 1 for our definitions of “nature” and “nature experience”), with a few important exceptions ( 11).
To date, these modeling and decision-making efforts have focused predominantly on services tied to biophysical dimensions of Earth’s life-support systems and more recently on cultural services ( 10). These models are designed to be used in an ensemble to estimate change in multiple ecosystem services. In other areas, such as pollination services for agriculture and human nutrition ( 9), the modeling and its empirical basis are in comparatively early stages of development.
In some areas, such as in hydrology, this modeling is advanced and builds upon decades of work, although challenging frontiers remain ( 8). They are open source and are being tested and adapted through a broad network. The InVEST models are based on production functions that define how changes in an ecosystem’s composition, configuration, and function are likely to affect the flows and values of ecosystem services across a landscape or seascape. For example, the Natural Capital Project’s InVEST models (for Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) are being used in 185 countries around the world ( 6). These efforts rely increasingly upon models that relate scenarios of change in ecosystems to change in the provision of services ( 7), and they have been adopted on an international scale. Smith, Matilda van den Bosch, Benedict W. Levin, Therese Lindahl, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Richard Mitchell, Zhiyun Ouyang, Jenny Roe, Lynn Scarlett, Jeffrey R. Berman, Bobby Cochran, Sjerp de Vries, Jon Flanders, Carl Folke, … Show All …, Howard Frumkin, James J.
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